Ecology and natural history of the protochordates1
نویسنده
چکیده
The last comprehensive reviews of ecology and natural history of ascidians were included in the excellent 1971 publication by Millar on the biology of ascidians and the 1991 treatise on New Caledonia ascidians by Monniot, Monniot, and Laboute. Several hundred papers have been published since that time, greatly expanding our knowledge of environmental tolerances and responses to increasing levels of anthropogenically derived toxins in marine waters, energetics and feeding strategies, predator–prey relationships, competition both intraand inter-specific that include many studies of self–nonself recognition in colonial species, modes and environmental regulation of reproduction and development, symbionts, natural-product chemistry as antifouling and antipredator defenses, and dispersal mechanisms. The relatively new field of molecular genetics is revealing the presence of cryptic species and is helping to determine the origin of anthropogenically transported individuals, an important and growing problem that affects natural ecological relationships in marine communities worldwide. We are learning more about the difficult-to-study abyssal and Antarctic species. There have been great advances in our understanding of the importance in open-ocean food webs of the planktonic Appendicularia and Thaliacea. Also included in this review is a brief discussion of recent work on the Cephalochordata and Hemichordata. Résumé : La dernière rétrospective importante sur l’écologie et l’histoire naturelle des ascidies remonte à l’excellente publication de 1971 de Millar sur la biologie des ascidies et à la monographie de 1991 sur les ascidies de la NouvelleCalédonie de Monniot, Monniot et Laboute. Plusieurs centaines d’articles ont paru depuis lors, ajoutant aux connaissances sur les tolérances environnementales et les réactions aux concentrations croissantes de toxines d’origine anthropique dans les eaux marines, sur les relations énergétiques et les stratégies alimentaires, sur les relations prédateurs–proies, sur la compétition intraspécifique et interspécifique, en particulier, dans plusieurs études sur l’identification de soi et d’autrui chez les espèces coloniales, sur les modes de reproduction et de développement et leur régulation, sur les symbiontes, sur la chimie des produits naturels utilisés comme moyens de défense et de prévention de l’entassement et sur les mécanismes de dispersion. Le domaine relativement nouveau de la génétique moléculaire révèle l’existence d’espèces cachées et contribue à l’identification de l’origine d’individus transportés par l’activité humaine, un problème important et de plus en plus fréquent qui affecte les relations écologiques naturelles dans les communautés marines à l’échelle globale. Les connaissances s’accumulent sur les espèces abyssales et antarctiques qui sont difficiles à étudier. Le rôle des appendiculaires et des thaliacés planctoniques dans les réseaux alimentaires planctoniques de la haute mer est maintenant beaucoup mieux connu. Les travaux récents sur les céphalochordés et les hémichordés font aussi l’objet d’une courte discussion. [Traduit par la Rédaction] Lambert 50
منابع مشابه
Rotifers: Aquaculture, Ecology, Gerontology, and Ecotoxicology. Hagiwara A, Yoshinaga T (eds.). Fisheries Science Series. 2017. Springer Publishing Company. 184 p. ISBN: 978-981-10-5633-8. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5635-2.
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تاریخ انتشار 2005